Salmonella †description, pathogenesis, symptoms Essay

Salmonella – description, pathogenesis, symptoms Salmonella is a gram-negative bacillus that causes inflammation of the GI tract and in some cases, if the immune response is not sufficiently powerful and treatment is not administered, can become systemic and cause even more serious conditions throughout the body. After ingestion, these bacteria cause infection by invading the epithelial cells of the small intestine and macrophages. Though there are more than two thousand different subspecies of Salmonella, few of them are able to cause serious conditions in humans—for most, the disease resolves itself in a matter of days. Those who are most affected by Salmonella infection are infants, the elderly, and people with compromised immune†¦show more content†¦A bacterial disease of growing importance to the populace, 2 salmonella is a specialized invader of the gastrointestinal system that can cause a variety of painful conditions of varying severity. The bacteria known as Salmonellae are gram-negative, rod-shaped bacilli that belong to the family Enterobacteriacea—they are typically anaerobic, unable to form spores, and motile, or able to move around spontaneously. An important characteristic of the Salmonella bacteria is that they are able to grow and multiply outside living host organisms, thus having greater survival chances than otherwise (Gray and Fedorka-Cray 56). The bacteria can have a combination of three antigens: the O antigen, H antigen, and Vi antigen. The O antigen is located in the cell wall of the bacterium, and each salmonella bacillus may posses 2 or more O antigens on its surface. Also, the H antigen is a flagellar antigen that can be destroyed by heat and enables the motility of the Salmonella bacterium (Slack and Snyder 295). The last antigen is known as the Vi antigen because this antigen is related the virulence of the bacterium. As a capsular antigen, its presence enhances the virulence of the bacterium that has it—of all the sub-species of Salmonella, only two, Salmonella enterica serovar (S.) typhi and S. choleraesuis, have the Vi antigen (296). Depending on whether the type of Salmonella has one of

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 900 Words

In the debate to legalize Marijuana there are people for the legalization, and there are people who are against the legalization. Before I get too far into my own side and the opinions I have to go along with it, I’m going to give you some information to help you better decide your own side. The main thing going around right now to legalize Marijuana is Prohibition 48. Prohibition 48 is the amendment to the state constitution proposed by the people of Mississippi. In my research on the subject I found that prohibition 48 is said to be the ending of Marijuana prohibition in Mississippi. This prohibition will legalize medical and recreational marijuana use. It will also follow up with growing up Marijuana and all Hemp products. Forgiveness will be given to all offenders that aren’t violent. The only thing is that recreational marijuana will be taxed and I am not particularly sure how I feel about that. According to Yes to Prohibition 48 â€Å"Proceeds from these taxes wi ll wholly and directly benefit Mississippi schools.† The end of this prohibition will bring with it many changes to legal, economy, educational, and healthcare systems. There are many people who are against the legalization of marijuana. They give many reasons why marijuana is bad for you and they go into detail about the health risks of marijuana. They also tell us that marijuana is highly addictive and that people who are addicted should seek medical help. According to Phoenix House â€Å"25 out of 50 people whoShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Alt hough some believe that marijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conductedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1145 Words   |  5 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Marijuana is a drug that has been actively used for centuries. This drug can be traced back to 2737 BC by the Chinese emperor Shen Nung. He spoke about the euphoric effects of Cannabis and even referred to it as the â€Å"Liberator of Sin.† Since early on, marijuana was seen as a medicinal plant that was recommended for medical uses. Marijuana is currently in schedule I, which means that physicians are not allowed to prescribe it in the United States (Hart, Ksir 2013). This drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1596 Words   |  7 Pages But what needs to be known before a user can safely and completely make the decision if trying Marijuana is a good idea? Many do not want the drug to be legalized because they claim that Cannabis is a â€Å"gateway drug†, meaning it will cause people to try harder drugs once their body builds up a resistance to Marijuana, because a stronger drug will be needed to reach a high state. This argument is often falsely related to the m edical side of the debate over legalization. It is claimed that this would

The Law Governing the Use of Force free essay sample

The Law Governing the Use of Force ASALENE TYSON Strayer University Criminal Law LEG320 Professor Scott Ciocco March 06, 2011 Abstract I intend to show how the 19 year old female committed the criminal act of first degree murder and how a 62 year old elderly man committed manslaughter protecting his home. The 19 year old female went out with two male friends who came back to her home and raped her. After thinking about the horrific act that happened to her, she decided to invite them back for anotheI ir â€Å"date†. When the men came to her home, she shot and killed one of them as the other man fled. The 62 year old man was asleep in his home when he heard a noise in another part of his house. The elderly man armed himself with a loaded pistol and went into the hallway. When they began to approach him, he shot and killed both of them. Were the acts forceful? Were they justifiable? The Law Governing the Use of Force The 19 year old female defendant was out with two men she apparently knew and eventually the outing ended with them returning to her domain. Since we do not know exactly what took place, let’s envision her being forcibly raped by the alleged as one held her while the other raped her, and vice versa. After the alleged assailants departed, the defendant showed signs of anger and disillusion. At this time, the defendant began to plot a way(s) to punish the men so they will not ever harm her or any other woman again. Still envisioning, the defendant loaded the gun with live ammunition and waited for her predators to come. Maybe she did not want to kill them! Maybe she only wanted to frighten them or harm them in a way they would never attempt to do to anyone else what they did to her. BUT, she did load the gun and when they appeared she aimed the gun and pulled the trigger knowing the bullets would cause bodily harm that could also cause death. The law states that pointing a firearm at another person and pulling the trigger to kill or seriously wound another person is a forceful act and is classified as the Deadly Weapon Doctrine. The laws also states that the intent to take another human’s life is First Degree Murder. However, it could be argued that the defendant was so distraught by the illegal act that was done to her that she became temporarily insane. Yes, she had time to think about the illegal act and the more she thought about it, the harder it was to come to terms with it and the more pronounced it became. Her mind was consumed with what happened to her. The law states that she committed a forceful act and should be charged with first degree murder and weapons offenses. Fact: After constantly thinking about the altercations, the 19 year old invited the alleged assailants back to her home for another date, which is classified as premeditated or first degree murder, because she planned out her crime before acting on it. (Gardner Anderson, 2009) The law states a person commits first degree murder if he kills another person without justification and does so intentionally or he knows such acts will create a strong probability of death. (Gardner Anderson, 2009, p. 239) Fact: A forceful act committed. The law states that â€Å"deadly force† is force that is likely to cause or is capable of causing death or serious bodily injury. (Gardner Anderson, 2009, p. 107) Fact: The defendant pointed a shotgun at another person and pulled the trigger and shot him. The law states that if a person points a weapon at another person and pulls the trigger, it is classified as the â€Å"deadly weapon† doctrine. (Gardner Anderson, 2009, p. 240) Fact: The defendant was so traumatized by the rape that her mind was consumed with what happened to her to the point she couldn’t eat or sleep, thereby claiming diminished capacity or temporary insanity. The law states that under the M’Naghten rule, defendants are not legally responsible for their acts if at the time they were laboring under defect of reason as not to know what he was doing or the seriousness of what he is doing or if he did know it, that he did not know that what he was doing was wrong. (Gardner Anderson, 2009, p. 88) The defense of â€Å"diminished capacity† is simply a label that identifies evidence introduced by a defendant to support a claim that he did not commit the crime charged because he did not possess the equisite mens rea. (Gardner Anderson, 2009, p. 94) A 62 year old retired army officer was asleep in his home when he heard a noise in another part of the house. The retired officer got out of bed, armed himself with a loaded pistol and went into the hall. As he went into the hall, he noticed two apparent burglars coming toward him. The retired officer fired his pistol, killing both the men who were in the act of burglary, but apparently w ere unarmed. Would the Florida law â€Å"stand your ground† apply? â€Å"Make my day†? r the â€Å"castle† theory apply? The law states the crime was a forceful act. However, the retired officer should only be charged with manslaughter and a possible weapons defense, unless proven differently. Fact: Two unarmed men were burglarizing the retired officer’s home and he shot and killed both of them as they approached him. The law states that a man’s house is his â€Å"castle† thereby creating the castle law. The â€Å"make my day† rules put no limits on the use of deadly force by the occupant of a dwelling. Gardner Anderson, 2009, p. 109) Florida’s law â€Å"stand your ground† states a person who is not engaged in an unlawful activity and who is attacked in any other place where he or she has a right to be has no duty to retreat and has the right to stand his or her ground and meet force with force, including deadly force i f he or she reasonably believes it is necessary to do so to prevent death or great bodily harm to himself or herself or to prevent the commission of a forcible felony. Gardner Anderson, 2009, p. 108) Fact: The defendant fired his gun at the burglars, killing them, thereby committing voluntary manslaughter. The law states that a form of voluntary manslaughter is heat of passion manslaughter. This crime is commonly charged when an action(s) cause the defendant to become enraged, and angered to the point of losing normal self-control and, in the heat of passion, killing. To reduce murder to manslaughter four requirements must be met; 1. There must be adequate provocation. 2. The killing must have been in a heat of passion (anger, rage, or emotional disturbance). 3. There must have been no opportunity to cool off. 4. There must be a causal connection between the provocation, the rage or anger, and the fatal act. (Gardner Anderson, 2009, p. 247) Fact: A forceful act was committed. The law states that â€Å"deadly force† is force that is likely to cause or is capable of causing death or serious bodily injury. (Gardner Anderson, 2009, p. 107) Fact: The defendant pointed a shotgun at another person and pulled the trigger and shot him. The law states that if a person points a weapon at another person and pulls the trigger, it is classified as the â€Å"deadly weapon† doctrine. (Gardner Anderson, 2009, p. 240) Both of the crimes were forceful. However, the crime committed by the 19 year old female was not justifiable, whereas the crime committed by the retired officer was justifiable. Others might say the crime of the 19 year old female was justifiable, because of the intense trauma she suffered. I believe the law was broken regarding the 19 year old female, because she could have notified the police of the attack upon her. Instead, she took the law in her own hands and took another person’s life. I imagine she was ashamed, because she knew the assailants and would not have believed they would have raped her. But she should have telephoned someone to be by her side while she notified the police. The 62 year old retired officer, on the other hand, did not break the law, because he was protecting his home, his family and himself. He did not know the men did not have weapons. He just reacted to the forceful entry and the fact they were burglarizing his home.

Life of Alex Sander free essay sample

1) Investigate the 360 feedback system as a performance evaluation tool. List key advantages and problems associated with this method. 360 degree feedback system as a performance evaluation tool as long as the understanding of its intent is understood. â€Å"There are three key steps in the successful implementation of 360 degree feedback systems in an organization. The three steps are that it must fit the organizations culture, make it psychometrically sound, and used with care† (â€Å"Best Practices†, 2012). It is also important to train the feedback providers to be sensitive, respectful and polite.Treating employees in a friendly and respectful manner and offering constructive advice will make them more open to accepting the performance appraisal system. Major advantage to the 360 feedback system is that it provides an opportunity for all the employees associated with the project to offer feedback. All members of the project are to be evaluated on a scale that is defined by the organization to insure fairness and accuracy. We will write a custom essay sample on Life of Alex Sander or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another advantage of the 360 feedback system is that it is designed with customer focus in mind. The customers can be internal or external.Employees may not understand the impact their daily activities have on other individuals or departments within the company. This provides essential feedback to the employees which may have a positive effect on his/her performance for future projects. The 360 evaluation is particularly strong when coupled with an action plan developed by the person receiving feedback and shared with those who provided the feedback. The main disadvantage to using the 360 feedback system is that management and employees may not be trained correctly on how to effectively use the process.Another problem that occurs with this type of system is with its consistency in using this process. Companies sometimes get overwhelmed with other important issue and forget or do not have time to conduct this evaluation in a proper time frame or not at all. This will provide unreliable information for improvement on the next project. 2) What challenges does Alex face relating to the unity of command principle at Landon Care Products? Alex faces many challenges when relating to the unity of command principle. Working through the chain of command, designated supervisors or managers coordinates the work of their subordinates† (â€Å"Chapter Summary†). Alex shows having problems with authority and is very unconcerned with what his immediate supervisor Sam Glass’s perception of his project management skills are and what Glass has to say. Alex shows a lack of concern about the company’s other responsibilities and projects. This was apparent when meeting other virtual team members. The German team members had concerns over the time line that Alex wanted to get things done in and this was in conflict with other commitments that they had already made.Alex refers to every project that he works as â€Å"my product† and â€Å"my brand† which he should refer to them as Landon’s product and Landon’s brand. Alex should show respect and listen to what Glass has to say. Alex is not only showing disrespect to Glass but to the entire organization by not fully participating in the 360 feedback system. 3) Given Alex’s overall skill set, approach, and personality, will Alex be successful in future projects that are more demanding and require influence over strategic decisions?Alex’s overall skill set, approach, and personality at the present time will have a negative impact on future projects that are more demanding and require influence over strategic decisions. Even though his understanding and willingness to learn is exceptional, when dealing with people Alex expects that team members and peers to understand things the same way he does. This is a problem when communicating tasks and objectives to the team. The approach that he takes to get tasks accomplished is to place â€Å"fear† in the project team. Alex intimidates his team members to work.This form of management promotes resentment and unnecessary stress on the organization, which in many cases causes mistakes. The personality that is portrayed by Alex is that he is the best and no one can do it better. This type of personality causes a problem in communication and has a negative effect on stakeholder and other members of upper-management. Understandably his direct supervisor, Sam Glass wants to keep Alex on his team because of his performance of meeting the project goals and finishing them on time and in budget.Unfortunately Glass is receiving negative comments from his colleagues over Alex’s negative personality when dealing with members of the organization. 4) If you were Alex’s boss, what action would you take based on the 360 feedback and your overall assessment of Alex? As Alex’s immediate supervisor I would schedule a meeting to discuss and review the 360 feedback on this project. By scheduling a meeting this would establish that there is a necessity for changes to be made in his project management skills. After reviewing the 360 feedback system I would make several uggestions to Alex Sanders on the results of the responses made. First I would explain to Alex that this was not a meeting to criticize his work ethic but to give insight on ways to improve his project management skills. I would explain to Alex that the company believes in his ability to accomplish projects and that is why he was given the opportunity to be the project manager over two very important projects simultaneously. I would reiterate Alex’s aggressiveness, intelligent and willingness to work hard is illustrated in the accomplishments he has made for the organization.His ability to multitask and problem solve is a credit to his project management skills. As Alex’s supervisor it is also my job to discuss points of concern and suggest ways of improvement. The first concern is over trust of the employee’s capability to accomplish task on their own. The responsibility of a project manager is to delegate appropriate tasks and ensure project control and adherence to the project plan. This lack of trust was illustrated when Alex Sander showed a lack of interpersonal skill when failing to communicate correctly to Hansen Long over a task that was assigned and effectively taking the task away from Long.I would make Alex aware that fear is not a powerful motivator and this type of environment causes unwarranted stress on the team members. This type of management will manifest into resentment of team members. Another concern that was mentioned in the feedback package was the lack of organizational skills when dealing with other project managers. Even though there is lot of positive comments on Alex’s ability to be a project manager but they do not see him as a leader.As Alex’s supervisor I would like to work with him to ensure his success as a project manager in the organization and discuss better ways to communicate his requirements of others to help eliminate the negative feedback. 5) Is Landon Care Products organized through departmentation by function or departmentation by product? Which departmentation method do you believe would work best for Landon? â€Å"Departmentation by function groups similar tasks within their own function, with sub functions, as appropriate and divisions may also be made by occupational categories† (â€Å"organization structure†, 1994).Departmentation by function has the advantage of specialized areas and a broad base of technical personnel within each functional department. The disadvantage to this type of departmentation is that it has slower results and lack of o wnership which discourages commitment. â€Å"Departmentation by product organizes employees based on which product line or set of services they work with. Each product line has a department of its own, and each department has specialists in all of the functions needed to produce and sell that product, such as marketing, manufacturing, accounting and human resources† (â€Å"Functional Vs.